Short Man Viking Conquest

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Short Man Viking Conquest

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Viking Conquest From the creators of the popular “Brytenwalda” mod, “Viking. The Isle of Man is a small island in the middle of the Irish Sea, within view of.

Long live the Viking spirit. The Viking Conquest is the second piece in the Viking Trilogy. This Gi is designed to portray the menacing spirit of the Viking Warrior. The modern Viking is a rugged individual, born to fight, and callused to pain. The natural born warrior carries the Viking spirit. This Artistic Gi is sure to impress. The details are impeccable and the overall aesthetic is.

It's been difficult to keep up with my blogging following our re-entry into Canadian life (love that word - re-entry. Like a spaceship coming in for landing). In addition to the usual time constraints of a hectic household with two adults working and kids in elementary school, we've had to hammer out renovation plans, not to mention catch up on our social life after a year of hermit-like existence.Progress has been made, however. In addition to the kitchen being ordered, we've started dealing with the mess that was the outside of the house. We still have major demolition to do on the inside, but this won't start until the second half of August.

I'm dreading it, but happy to have a few weeks of reprieve in July.Today is the last day of school for the boys. It's a half day only, after which we are going to a local Italian restaurant for a buffet lunch. Do all kids love buffets, or is it just mine? The empowerment of having a choice, I suppose.Christopher's developed this incredibly irritating habit of saying 'what' all day long. In the vein of:'Christopher, it's time to go to bed.'

'Christopher, come eat please.' 'Chistopher, don't talk like that to your brother.' All said in that tone of annoyed incredulity. Like he is so hard done by, and the rest of us are out to get him.Ugh.So this morning I implemented the 'A dollar for every 'what' out of your mouth' strategy. In fairness, it was implemented across the board, we will all pay when the word is used improperly. After 10 minutes of eating breakfast, Christopher is already 4 dollars poorer.I'm optimistic the message will get through this way - if there is anything Christopher is fond of, it's his cash.This is in stark contrast to Benjamin, who freely gives away his money to anyone who asks.Sounds cute, doesn't he?I used to think so, but not anymore.

It's a problem that Benjamin is willing to give anything he owns to anyone who asks. Some of his friends have started to take advantage of this opportunity to score freebies. One friend in particular is always asking for toys, candy, anything he can get his hands on. Just last week, Mike caught him red-handed, as he tried to leave with 10 of B boy's dollars after a play date.We're trying to teach Benjamin that it is not appropriate to give your things or your money to friends.

And of course, it is not appropriate for friends to be asking, but if they do, it is OK to say 'no'.All while striking the right balance and maintaining Benjamin's natural sense of generosity.My fear is that Benjamin feels he needs to buy his playmates' friendship. Where does he get that from, and how can I make him see that this is not the right way to make friends? Any words of wisdom from you, my internets?We are jetting off again today.

A week somewhere warm. I will be online for most of the time, and I plan on finding a little time for bloghopping.Hope everyone's having a good week! My bloggy friend is one of the coolest ladies I know. Not only is she incredibly witty in her writings about Jenworld and its inhabitants, she is also a when it comes to conservation and the environment, currently in the process of building. A visit to any of Jen's blogs never disappoints, which is why I am one of her many avid fans.So imagine my excitement when Jen hosted a bloggy giveaway and I actually WON it. You have to understand that I never win anything.

This is the first time I have ever won anything, ever! After many Canada Post-related delays (don't ask), I am now the proud owner ofWith my very own message from Jen herself:Fortunately, today is rainy here in Toronto, allowing the boys and me to bake without feeling guilty about how we 'ought to be outside'. Here's what's just gone into the oven:(Sorry.

Blogger is acting up, and insisting on showing this picture sideways).I can't wait until it's ready, so I can sit back with a cup of tea, a slice of this yumminess and a good book.Thanks, Jen! We've ordered it. Now we have to wait 12 - TWELVE - weeks for it to ship from Italy.

In the meantime, we have floors to fix, plumbing to organize, walls to repair, bulkheads to remove, appliances to buy.Can you see the dollar signs floating out of our front door? It's a little stressful, but really, the gave us no choice but to renovate the kitchen. So instead of worrying too much about the massive dent in our savings account, I am going to focus on the fact that I am getting a BRAND NEW kitchen.

Woo-hoo!This weekend has been designated 'family only weekend', meaning we are going to hang out with the boys and do as little socializing as possible. We've been on the go pretty much 24/7 ever since we left Norway at the end of April. A little bit of downtime is definitely what the doctor ordered.

Maybe we'll catch the new Indy movie. Or perhaps just lounge by the pool. Nothing's planned, anything's possible.

Including, I hope, a bit of time for blog hopping. I'm looking forward to catching up with everyone out there in blogland.Happy Weekend! Thanks again for your lovely comments on my last post. I know that the next adventure is just around the corner.and that it doesn't need to involve air travel or even leaving my house.

It's all about perspective.and sometimes mine just isn't where it should be.Speaking of perspective, I'd love to hear yours on the following:Dark brown and white.Lighter brown and glossy white.All white (yes, please throw in the view).We are leaning towards dark brown accents/bottom cabinets, with glossy white uppers, but I am stumped as to the flooring. I can't do wood (though it would look lovely), and I don't want to spend a fortune on natural stone (that fortune is already being spent on cabinets, thankyouverymuch).Help? They keep telling me it's like we never left. That we've all just slipped right back into Canadian life again.And for two weeks that's been great.I've been on the go pretty much since we returned to Canada, trying to nail down our reno plans, getting the kids settled in school, looking at new cars, organizing play dates and sleepovers, fixing things around the house.It's kept me occupied and darker thoughts away.But I didn't sleep well last night.

I didn't really sleep at all. The reality of the situation could no longer be pushed aside by fatigue after a busy day:It's all done. The adventure of a lifetime. Our big gift to our children.

It's over.We planned for it and looked forward to it for years. I even dreamed about it, imagining how idyllic it would be. And now it's come and gone. 10 months of my life that just flew by in the blink of an eye.I know we took full advantage of the time we had, and I don't feel like we left anything undone. But it's still difficult to accept that it's done.

Short Man Viking Conquest Trailer

The End.The air is not the same here. It is hectic. It involves a lot of driving and shopping. Everything is large, the roads, the stores, the portions. It's a little overwhelming after the small-ness of Europe.My children's lives are different now.

Less independent, more organized by adults. Their school is much more academic, for sure.

But I'm not sure it's as much fun, and it certainly doesn't involve as much outdoorsy, physical activity.Mike's life has taken a busy turn, as he's been inundated with requests and offers of new and exciting challenges at the university. He's got important decisions to make over the course of the next few weeks, some of which could seriously impact the amount of time he is able to spend at home.My work hasn't changed, but my social agenda has.

I've had fun catching up with my friends, but I already miss those quiet days, where Mike and I could work for a few hours, then go for a walk. We'd pick the boys up early from school and either invite their cousins over for dinner, or walk up to my parents' house for a glass of wine. Or pack the car and head for the mountains.Oh, those mountains.

Viking Conquest Vessel

They are still there. What I wouldn't give to head up into the mountains this weekend. Breathe in the fresh mountain air, and maybe hike that one peak the weather prevented us from reaching last time.Instead, I'll probably spend some time looking through the photos from the past year. Maybe I'll get some printed out and framed for display around the house. And reminisce about the year we conquered the Vikings.

Location of the Roman Fort.The Roman Fort is a location in. Upon arrival you may enter it during the daytime, but only if you are carrying more than 20,000.In the middle of the fort is an NPC known as the Short Man, who will play a riddle game with you. There are 4 riddles total. If you answer all of them correctly, you will receive the, and.After answering one of the riddles correctly you will lose 5,000 peningas, as the Short Man says the question was 'too easy'. This is unavoidable, but well worth the cost for the items.

The term 'Viking age' refers to the period roughly from 790s to the late 11th century in Europe. In this era Viking activity started with raids on Christian lands in England and eventually expanded to mainland Europe, including parts of present-day Russia.[1] While maritime battles were very rare, Viking bands proved very successful in raiding coastal towns and monasteries due to their efficient warships, and intimidating war tactics, skillful hand-to-hand combat, and fearlessness.[2] What started as Viking raids on small towns transformed into the establishment of important agricultural spaces and commercial trading-hubs across Europe through rudimentary colonization.[2] Vikings' tactics in warfare gave them an enormous advantage in successfully raiding (and later colonizing), despite their small population in comparison to that of their enemies.

Culture of war[edit]

Vikings, according to Clare Downham in Viking Kings of Britain and Ireland, are 'people of Scandinavian culture who were active outside Scandinavia.. Danes, Norwegians, Swedish, Hiberno-Scandinavians, Anglo-Scandinavians, or the inhabitants of any Scandinavian colony who affiliated themselves more strongly with the culture of the coloniser than with that of the indigenous population.'[3]

Parts of the tactics and warfare of the Vikings were driven by their cultural belief, themselves rooted in Norse culture and religion, and vividly recalled in the later Icelandic sagas. In the early Viking Age, during the late 8th century and most of the 9th, Norse society consisted of minor kingdoms with limited central authority and organization, leading to communities ruled according to laws made and pronounced by local assemblies called things.[citation needed] Lacking any kind of public executive apparatus - e.g. police - then enforcement of laws and verdicts fell upon the individual involved in a dispute. As a natural consequence, violence was a common feature of the Norse legal environment. This use of violence as an instrument regarding disputes was not limited to a man, but extended to his kin.[4] Personal reputation and honour was an important value among Norsemen, and so actionable slander was also a legal category, in addition to physical and material injuries. Honour could be shamed from mere insults, where Norsemen were legally allowed to react violently. With this prevalence of violence came the expectation of fearlessness.[5]

Norsemen believed that the time of death for any individual is predetermined, but that nothing else in life is. Considering this, Norsemen believed there to be two possibilities in life: 'success with its attendant fame; or death.'[6] The necessity of defending honour with violence, the belief that time of death was preordained, adventure and fearlessness were core values to the Viking Age.[7] These principal values and convictions were displayed in the tactics of Viking raids and warfare.

As in most societies with limited mechanisms for projecting central power, Norse society also shared traits of bonding through mutual gift-giving to ensure alliances and loyalty. One of the reasons many Norse went a-Viking was the opportunity to gather loot and wealth by trading and raiding. This wealth was then brought back to Scandinavia and used for political gain [8]. This reasoning explains the Viking preference for attacking monasteries and churches containing riches and expensive relics that the Norsemen saw as valuable for trade.

Raids[edit]

The Vikings preferred to attack coastal regions because these regions were impossible to block off from the enemies' standpoint.[9]

The Norse were born into a seafaring culture. With the Atlantic Ocean to the west and the Baltic and North Sea bordering southern Scandinavia, seafaring proved to be an important means of communication for Scandinavians, and a vital instrument for the Vikings.[10]

Despite reports since the 5th Century of the presence of seafaring Germanic peoples both in the Black Sea and in Frisia, and archaeological evidence of earlier contact with the British Isles, the Viking Age proper is characterized by extensive raiding, entering history by being recorded in various annals and chronicles by their victims. '[11]. These raids continued for the entirety of the Viking Age. These initial raids had a religious implication to them. Vikings would target monasteries along the coast, raid the towns for their booty, and destroy what was left. This caused mass fear amongst such monks, as they felt that it was punishment from God.[12] There is also the complication of a lack of direct written sources about these raids from the Viking perspective. This leads to biased views of the raiders from Christians who were being attacked in their churches and lands [13]. From their point of view, the Vikings were violent and evil heathens.

Initially, the Vikings limited their attacks to 'hit-and-run' raids. However, they soon expanded their operations. In the years 814-820, Danish Vikings repeatedly sacked the regions of Northwestern France via the Seine River and also repeatedly sacked monasteries in the Bay of Biscay via the Loire River. Eventually, the Vikings settled in these areas and turned to farming. This was mainly due to Rollo, a Viking leader who seized what is now Normandy in 879, and formally in 911 when Charles the Simple of West Francia granted him the Lower Seine.[14] This became a precursor to the Viking expansion that established important trade posts and agrarian settlements deep into Frankish territory, English territory, and much of what is now European Russian territory.[15] The Vikings had taken control of most of the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms by the 870s, which was after the time of the Great Heathen Army that swept the Anglo-Saxon rulers away from power in 865. This army focused not on raiding, but on conquering and settling in Anglo-Saxon Britain, being composed of small bands that were already in Britain and Ireland that worked together for a period of time to accomplish their goals. [16]

The Vikings were also able to establish an extended period of economic and political rule of much of Ireland, England, and Scotland during the Norse Ivarr Dynasty that started in the late 9th century and lasted until 1094.[17] In Ireland, coastal fortifications known as longphorts were established in many places after initial raidings, and they developed into trading posts and settlements over time. Quite a few modern towns in Ireland were founded in this way, including Dublin, Limerick and Waterford. umgl

Warships[edit]

Much of the Vikings' success was due to the technical superiority of their shipbuilding. Their ships proved to be very fast. Their build was not designed for battle at sea, as this was a form of warfare that the Vikings very rarely engaged in, but these long narrow ships could accommodate 50–60 seamen who powered the ship by rowing, as well as a complement of warriors, and so able to carry sizeable forces at speed to land wherever advantageous. Due to their shallow sraft, Viking ships could land directly on sandy beaches rather than docking in well-fortified harbours.[10]. Stockmarketeye 4.3.2 free download for mac. Viking ships made it possible to land practically anywhere on a coast and to navigate rivers in Britain and on the Continent, with raids reported far up rivers such as the Elbe, the Weser, the Rhine, the Seine and the Loire, the Thames, and many more. Vikings also navigated the extensive network of rivers in Eastern Europe, but there would more often engage in trade than in raiding.

Depending on local resources, the ships were mainly built from strong oak, though some with pine, but all with hewn planks that preserved the wood grain unbroken, resulting in light, but very strong and flexible strakes. Steering was accomplished with a single rudder in the stern. [18] There was a relatively short mast that allowed fast rigging and unrigging. The low mast, built for speed when the winds were favourable, could often easily pass under bridges erected in rivers.[19] These masts were designed to maneuver under the fortified bridges that Charles the Bald of West Francia created from 848 to 877.[15] These boats have a shallow draft of around a meter of water.[20] Viking longships were built with speed and flexibility in mind, which allowed Norse builders to craft strong yet elegant ships. The close to 28 meters long and five meters wide Gokstad ship is often cited as an example of a typical Viking ship.

[21] Variants of these longships were built with a deeper hull for transporting goods, but what they added in hull depth and durability they sacrificed in speed and mobility. These cargo ships were built to be sturdy and solid, rather than Drakkar warships which were built to be fast. [22] There is a mention of the Knörr being used as warships in poems written by skalds. Specifically, the poem 'Lausavisor' by Vígfúss Víga-Glúmsson describes a Knörr being used as a battleship. [23]

Viking conquest ancient stonesViking

Seafaring military strategies[edit]

The fast design of Viking ships was essential to their hit-and-run raids. For instance, in the sacking of Frisia in the early 9th century, Charlemagne mobilized his troops as soon as he heard of the raid, but found no Vikings by the time he arrived.[24] Their ships gave the Vikings an element of surprise. Travelling in small bands, they could easily go undetected, swiftly enter a village or monastery, pillage and collect booty, and leave before reinforcements arrived.[25] Vikings understood the advantages of the longships' mobility and used them to a great extent.

Viking fleets of over a hundred ships did occur, but these fleets usually only banded together for one single - and temporary - purpose, being composed of smaller fleets each led by its own chieftain, or of different Norse bands. This was most often seen in the Francia raids between 841 and 892. They can be attributed to the fact that it was during this time that the Frankish aristocracy began paying off Vikings and buying mercenaries in return for protection from Viking raids. Thus, there appeared rudimentary structures of Viking armies.[15]


Viking ships would rarely try to ram ships in the open sea, due to their construction not allowing for it. Vikings did attack ships, not with the intent to destroy them, but rather to board and seize them. Vikings raided for economic rather than political or territorial gains [15], and so were eager to enrich themselves through ransom money and slave trading.

While naval Viking battles were not as common as battles on land, they did occur. As they had little to fear from other European countries invading the inhospitable regions of Scandinavia, most naval battles were fought amongst Vikings themselves, 'Dane against Norwegian, Swede against Norwegian, Swede against Dane.'[26] Most Viking-on-Viking naval battles were little more than infantry battles on a floating platform. Viking fleets would lash their boats together, their prows facing the enemy. When they got close enough, the fighters would throw ballast stones, spears and use their longbows. Archers would be positioned in the back of the ships protected by a shield wall formation constructed in the front of the ship.[27] Depending on the size of the defending fleet, some would attack from smaller craft to flank the bigger ships.

Battle tactics on land[edit]

Viking units often lacked formation. They have been described as 'bees swarming.'[citation needed] However, what they lacked information they made up with ferociousness, flexibility, and more often than not, extensive reconnaissance. This naturalistic sense of unconventional warfare is rooted in their lack of organized leadership. These small fleets brutally but effectively scared locals and made it difficult for English and Frankish territories to counter these alien tactics. Sprague compares these tactics to those of contemporary western Special Forces soldiers, who 'attack in small units with specific objectives.'[28] Later in the 860s, the formation of the Great Heathen Army brought about a more organized type of warfare for the Vikings. Large squads of raiders banded together to attack towns and cities, landing from fleets comprising hundreds of ships. [29]

Viking raiders would anchor their largest warships before storming a beach. 'It has been suggested that Sö 352 depicts an anchor and rope..It is perhaps more plausibly an anchor-stone..'. [30] However, it was more common practice for Vikings to beach their regular warships on land, where their battle tactics contained elements of surprise. 'Vikings were notorious for laying ambushes and using woods to lay in wait for armies approaching along established roads.'[15] If confronted by legitimate forces in raids, Vikings would create a wedge formation, with their best men at the front of this wedge. They would throw spears, and rush this wedge through enemy lines where they could engage in hand-to-hand combat, which was their forte.[15] Some survivors of sea battles were pressed into guarding the ships during land skirmishes.[9]

Sagas of the Viking Age often mention Berserkers. These fabled Viking warriors are said to have spiritual magical powers from the god of war Odin[31] that allowed them to become impervious to injuries on the battlefield.[32] While these stories are exaggerated, the term berserks is rooted in truths about Viking warriors who were able to enter an intense, trance-like state whereupon they would 'engage in reckless fighting.'[2] These warriors were greatly feared by Christians in Frankish and English regions who viewed such men as satanic. The reason for these raids is unknown, but some have suggested that the increase in trade created a growth in piracy.[31]

Viking military tactics succeeded mainly because they disregarded the conventional battlefield tactics, methods, and customs of the time. They ignored the unspoken rules of leaving holy sites untouched, and they never arranged battle times. Deceit, stealth, and ruthlessness were not seen as cowardly.[33] During raids, the Vikings targeted religious sites because of their vulnerability,[34] often butchering the clergy at these sites in honour of a Pagan god.[34] Norsemen who sailed back to Scandinavia after raiding brought back their loot as a symbol of pride and power. 'The Viking chieftains Sigfrid and Gorm 'sent ships loaded with treasure and captives back to their country' in 882'. [35]

Tamil mp3 songs free download a-z. Warriors could be as young as 11 years old.[9] Various basic physical tests were required to join the Viking forces, but these tests were considered easy to pass.[9]

Common weapons[edit]

Spear[edit]

The most common weapon in the Viking arsenal was the spear. They were inexpensive and effective weapons, and could also be used when hunting. In the late Roman Iron Age (ending ca. 500 CE), the Norse were reputed for their preference of and prowess with the light spear. The wooden shaft of the Viking spear was between two and three meters long. There were two types of spears; one was made for throwing while the other was generally used for thrusting. The shafts were similar, but the tips of throwing spears were roughly thirty centimetres while the thrusting spears were close to sixty.[2] Spears were sometimes used as projectile weapons in the occasional naval fight, as well as during raids onshore and in battle. This was in part due to the Norsemen's natural height and build, being taller and bigger than Frankish and English men at the time. The spear was popular because it was inexpensive and had a longer reach than the sword, making it the most common battlefield weapon all over the world, despite popular belief.[9]

Archery[edit]

Another common weapon in the Viking arsenal was the bow.

Axe[edit]

The axe overtook the spear as the most common weapon in the turbulent Migration Age, which saw much internal raiding and warfare in Scandinavia. It was the first 'siege weapon' for raiding enemy farm hauses, where a spear or a sword could do little damage. The axe was commonly used for all kinds of farm labour and logging, as well as in construction and shipbuilding, and eventually adapted for use in Viking raids.[2] Axes varied in size from small handheld broadaxes that could be used both for raids and in farming, to Danish axes that were well over a meter in length.[36]The popularity of the axe is often misunderstood in modern culture. The battle-axe was not seen as a superior weapon to the spear, and historical evidence shows that its use was rather limited. These axes had a wooden shaft, with a large, curved iron blade. They required less swinging power than expected, as the heads, while large, usually weighed only 0.8 - 0.9 kg, and as such were light and fast weapons, not depending on gravity and momentum to do most of the work.[37] The axe had points on each tip of the blade where the curve tapered off. This allowed it to be used to hook an opponent, while also doubling as a thrusting weapon.[38]

The axe was psychologically intimidating to the people of Christian territories the Vikings sacked. King Magnus of Norway inherited his axe from his patron saint father, Olav Haraldsson. He named this axe Hel, the name of the Norse goddess of death. Christians associated this name with the word Hell. The axe of Magnus is still portrayed in the Norwegian coat of arms.[37]

Sword[edit]

Swords had to be simple yet functional, and there was little to no design on them; however, once one was given a sword, a strong bond[further explanation needed] was formed between the weapon and its owner.[9] It is believed that the sword was about 90 cm long and had a blade of 80 cm and a handle of 10 cm.[39] Almost every sword was double-edged, which meant that they could slash in different directions without having to worry about which side was the sharp side.[39]

Viking Age swords were common in battles and raids. They were used as a secondary weapon when fighting had fallen out of formation or their primary weapon was damaged. While there were many variations of swords, the Vikings used double-edged swords, often with blades 90 centimetres long and 15 centimetres wide.[2] These swords were designed for slashing and cutting, rather than thrusting, so the blade was carefully sharpened while the tip was often left relatively dull.[40]

A sword was considered a personal object amongst Vikings. Warriors named their swords, as they felt such objects guarding their lives deserved identities.[41] A sword, depending on the make, was often associated with prestige and value due to the importance of honour in the Viking Age. No real method has been discovered as to how the Vikings made their weapons, but it is believed that individual pieces were welded together.[9] While the Vikings used their own swords in battle, they were interested in the Frankish battle swords because of their acclaimed craftsmanship. [42]

Weapons often served more than one purpose. If two people were in disagreement, one would often challenge his offender to a duel of honour that was supposed to resolve the issue.[9] This challenge would take place either on a small island or marked off area.[9] A square with sides between 9–12 ft would be marked off with an animal hide placed inside the square.[9] Each man was allowed three shields and a shield-bearer who carried the shield during battle. The helper could replace or carry shields for the combatant.[9] The person who had been challenged was entitled to the first blow at the shields.[9] The opponent could parry the blow and counter with his own strike; only one strike at a time was allowed.[9] Once all of someone's shields had been destroyed he could continue to defend himself as best he could with a sword.[9] This would continue until someone was injured; if blood fell on the animal hide then that person was required to pay three marks of silver to be set free and have his honour restored.[9]

Defensive equipment[edit]

Only the wealthiest Vikings could afford helmets, as they were expensive.[31] The one piece of defensive equipment that every warrior had was a shield.[9] The shield itself was round and not oval-shaped which made it easier to carry and move with;[9] however, it left the legs and some of the lower body exposed. Shields were made out of softwood, unlike any other shields in existence at the time. This was done in order to allow the shield to bend and give a small amount to prevent them from breaking as often. In addition to this, the weapons of their enemies sometimes became stuck in the shield, allowing the Viking an opportunity to kill them. [9] Shields had handholds on the inside and were about 1 m in diameter (about 3 ft).[31]

See also[edit]

  • Ushkuiniks – Novgorod's privateers who inherited Vikings' warfare
  • Mangayaw, similar seasonal naval raids for prestige and loot among Austronesian societies in the Philippines

References[edit]

  1. ^Sprague (2007), p. 10.
  2. ^ abcdefFasulo (2011), Viking Warfare.
  3. ^Downham, Clare. Viking Kings of Britain and Ireland the Dynasty of Ívarr to A.D. 1014. Edinburgh: Dunedin Academic, 2008. Print, p. xv.
  4. ^Short (2010), pp. 41–42.
  5. ^Short (2010), pp. 40–44.
  6. ^Short (2010), p. 42.
  7. ^Short (2010).
  8. ^Winroth, Anders (2012). The Conversion of Scandinavia. Yale University Press. p. 24.
  9. ^ abcdefghijklmnopqrSprague, Martina. Norse Warfare.
  10. ^ abFasulo, Viking Shipbuilding
  11. ^Swanton, Michael (1996). The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.
  12. ^Sprague (2007), pp. 10–11.
  13. ^J. Ryan, Martin (2013). The Anglo-Saxon World. Yale University Press. p. 237.
  14. ^Sprague (2007), pp. 13–15.
  15. ^ abcdefAbels (2009).
  16. ^J. Ryan, Martin (2013). The Anglo-Saxon World. Yale University Press. pp. 233–259.
  17. ^Taylor et al (2007), p. 39.
  18. ^Jesch, Judith (2001). Ships and Men in the Late Viking Age. Boydell and Brewer, Boydell Press. pp. 132–133.
  19. ^Bruun (1997), p. 1286
  20. ^DeVries et al. (2012), pp. 291–92.
  21. ^R. Hale, John (1998). 'The Viking Longship'. Scientific American. 278 (No. 2): 57. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0298-56. JSTOR26057665.
  22. ^Jesch, Judith (2001). Ships and Men in the Late Viking Age. Boydell and Brewer, Boydell Press. pp. 140–141.
  23. ^Jesch, Judith (2001). Ships and Men in the Late Viking Age. Boydell and Brewer, Boydell Press. p. 130.
  24. ^Winroth (2014), p. 71.
  25. ^Winroth (2014), pp. 72–73.
  26. ^Sprague (2007), p. 174.
  27. ^Sprague (2007), p. 144.
  28. ^Sprague (2007), p. 27.
  29. ^Winroth, Anders (2012). The Conversion of Scandinavia. Yale University Press. p. 29.
  30. ^Jesch, Judith (2001). Ships and Men in the Late Viking Age. Boydell and Brewer, Boydell Press. p. 169.
  31. ^ abcdWolf, Kirsten. The Daily Life of the Vikings.
  32. ^Short (2010), p. 55.
  33. ^Sprague (2007), p. 374.
  34. ^ abWinroth (2014).
  35. ^Winroth, Anders (2012). The Conversion of Scandinavia. Yale University Press. p. 38.
  36. ^Sprague (2007), p. 148.
  37. ^ abWinroth (2014), p. 26.
  38. ^Short (2010), p. 50.
  39. ^ abMartens, Irmelin. Indigenous and imported Viking Age weapons in Norway – a problem with European implications
  40. ^Sprague (2007), p. 145.
  41. ^Sprague (2007), pp. 139–140.
  42. ^Winroth, Anders (2012). The Conversion of Scandinavia. Yale University Press. p. 32.

Sources[edit]

  • Abels, Richard. 'Alfred the Great and Æthelred II 'the Unready': The Viking Wars in England, C. 850–1016.' Vikings Revised (2009): n.p. United States Naval Academy. United States Naval Academy Press, 20 July 2009. Web. 16 Nov. 2014.
  • Bruun, Per. 'The Viking Ship.' Journal of Coastal Research 13.4 (1997): 1282–89. JSTOR. Web. 18 Nov. 2014.
  • DeVries, Kelly Robert, and Robert Douglas Smith. Medieval Military Technology, Second Edition. Toronto: U of Toronto, 2012. Google Books. 1 May 2012. Web. 17 Nov 2014.
  • Fasulo, David F. Medieval Scandinavia: Overview of Viking Shipbuilding. Great Neck: Great Neck, n.d. Ebsco Host. Great Neck Publishing, 2011. Web. 15 Nov 2014.
  • Fasulo, David F. Medieval Scandinavia: Overview of Viking Warfare. Great Neck: Great Neck, n.d. Ebsco Host. Great Neck Publishing, 2011. Web. 16 Nov 2014.
  • Short, William Rhuel. Icelanders in the Viking Age: The People of the Sagas. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2010. Print.
  • Sprague, Martina. Norse Warfare: The Unconventional Battle Strategies of the Ancient Vikings. New York: Hippocrene, 2007. Print.
  • Taylor, Simon, Garreth Williams, B.E Crawford, and Beverly Ballin Smith. West Over Sea : Studies in Scandinavian Sea-borne Expansion and Settlement Before 1300: A Festschrift in Honour of Dr Barbara Crawford. Leiden: In the Northern World, 2007. Print.
  • Winroth, Anders. The Age of the Vikings. (eBook and hardcover). Princeton University Press, 1 Sep 2014. Web. 17 Nov. 2014.


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